Diseases and Disorders

A to Z List of Medical Diseases, Disorders and Medical Conditions
Below is an alphabetical list of diseases with information on a wide variety of common medical conditions, diseases, disorders, syndromes, illnesses and injuries.

Common Medical Conditions Explained
The index of A to Z medical diseases list links to topics which further lists articles that provide medical conditions information, terminology and advice on different types of diseases and disorders. The medical information include advice and info on medical symptoms, diagnosis, causes and treatment. Common medical conditions that are covered include communicable and infectious diseases, common medical illnesses and injuries, mental disorders, genetic disorders, skin diseases, blood disorders, lung diseases, metabolic diseases, and other health disorders. The articles also provide medical information on symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases. The majority of the links below direct to topics and articles on different mental and physical health conditions, including asthma, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, eating disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, also other ailments associated with pregnancy, childhood and much more. This medical reference, online medical advice and information can aid in understanding your medical symptoms, diagnosis and other health conditions. However, this online medical reference is for education purpose only and not a substitute for discussing your illness with your health care professional for medical help and treatment.

A to Z index:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

• Acid Reflux Disease (GERD)
• Acne
• Allergies
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD/ADD)
• Altitude Sickness
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Andropause
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Arthritis
• Aspergers Syndrome
• Asthma
• Autism
• Avoidant Personality Disorder

B

• Back Pain
• Bad Breath (Halitosis)
• Baldness
• Bedwetting
• Bipolar Disorder (BD)
• Bladder Cancer
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
• Bone Cancer
• Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
• Brain Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Brain Tumors
• Brain Injury
• Bronchitis
• Burns
• Bursitis

C

• Cancer
• Canker Sores (Cold Sores)
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
• Celiac Disease
• Cervical Cancer
• Cholesterol
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Colon Cancer
• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Cradle Cap
• Crohn's Disease

D

• Dandruff
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
• Dehydration
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Depression
• Diabetes
• Diaper Rash
• Diarrhea
• Disabilities
• Diverticulitis
• Down Syndrome
• Drug Abuse
• Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)
• Dyslexia

E

• Ear Infections
• Ear Problems
• Eating Disorders
• Eczema
• Endometriosis
• Enlarged Prostate
• Epilepsy (Seizure)
• Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
• Eye Problems

F

• Fibromyalgia
• Fracture
• Freckles
• Flu

G

• Gallbladder Disease
• Gallstones
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Genital Herpes
• Genital Warts
• Glomerulonephritis (Nephritis)
• Gonorrhea
• Gout
• Gum Diseases
• Gynecomastia

H

• Head Lice
• Headache
• Hearing Loss
• Heart Attacks
• Heart Disease
• Heartburn
• Heat Stroke
• Heel Pain
• Hemorrhage
• Hemorrhoids
• Hepatitis
• Herniated Discs
• Hiatal Hernia (Hiatus Hernia)
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• HIV/AIDS
• Hives
• Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)
• Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)
• Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism

I

• Infectious Diseases
• Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)
• Influenza
• Infertility
• Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
• Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Irritable Male Syndrome (IMS)
• Itching

J

• Joint Pain
• Juvenile Diabetes
• Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)

K

• Kidney Diseases
• Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

L

• Leukemia
• Liver Cancer - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
• Lung Cancer

M

• Mad Cow Disease
• Malaria
• Melena (Blood in Stool)
• Memory Loss
• Menopause
• Mesothelioma
• Migraine
• Miscarriages
• Mucus In Stool
• Multiple Personality Disorder
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Muscle Cramps
• Muscle Fatigue
• Muscle Pain

N

• Nail Biting
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Neck Pain

O

• Obesity
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Osteomyelitis
• Osteoporosis
• Ovarian Cancer
• Ovarian Cyst

P

• Pain
• Panic Attack
• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Parkinson's Disease (PD)
• Penis Enlargement
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
• Personality Disorders
• Peptic Ulcers
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
• Peyronie's Disease
• Phobias
• Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)
• Polio
• Pneumonia
• Post Nasal Drip
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Premature Baby
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Propecia
• Prostate Cancer
• Psoriasis

R

• Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
• Renal Failure
• Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
• Rheumatic Fever
• Ringworm
• Rosacea
• Rotator Cuff

S

• Scabies
• Scars
• Sciatica
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
• Sinus Infections
• Skin Cancer
• Skin Rash
• Sleep Disorders (Sleep Apnea)
• Smallpox
• Snoring
• Social Anxiety
• Staph Infection (MRSA)
• Stomach Cancer
• Strep Throat (Sore Throat)
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
• Sunburn
• Syphilis
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

T

• Tennis Elbow
• Termination of Pregnancy (Abortion)
• Testicular Cancer
• Tooth Decay
• Trisomy Syndrome
• Tuberculosis (TB)

U

• Ulcers
• Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

V

• Varicose Veins
• Vertigo

W

• Warts
• Williams Syndrome

Y

• Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
• Yellow Fever

More information:

• Mental Health and Mental Disorders
• Rare Diseases
• List of Common Infectious Diseases
• List of Genetic Disorders and Diseases
• List of Mental Disorders - Types of Mental Illness
• Mental Illnesses
• List Of Phobias
• Different Types of Mood Disorders
• Types of Arthritis
• Orthopedic Disorders
• Types of Brain Tumors
• Different Types of Leukemia
• Types of Skin Cancer
• Different Types of Warts
• Different Types of Bone Fractures
• List of Disabilities and Disability Facts

Medical Case Study

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Clinical Case Studies Grand Rounds

Normal adult female – Case 1

COMMENTS

This PA (posterior-anterior) radiograph of a normal female shows symmetric soft tissue breast shadows and the stomach bubble under the left hemidiaphragm. The right hemidiaphragm is generally slightly higher than the left, being pushed upward by the presence of the liver.

NOTES:

Normal female 1
This PA (posterior-anterior) radiograph of a normal female shows symmetric soft tissue breast shadows and the stomach bubble under the left hemidiaphragm. The right hemidiaphragm is generally slightly higher than the left, being pushed upward by the presence of the liver. Methodical examination of the x-ray includes examining the soft tissues and bony structures. Note that the ladder-like horizontal configuration of the posterior ribs tends to dominate the visual structure while the anterior ribs are fainter and appear to cross the posterior shadows and angle upward.

The V-shaped position of the clavicles indicates that the patient is positioned with the shoulders and arms elevated. The central densities in the mediastinum show the dark vertical tube of the trachea with projections of the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebra seen through the tracheal air column. The bifurcation of the trachea into the left and right mainstem bronchi occur at the carina which is located at the lower portion of the aortic knob. The left mainstem bronchus angulates somewhat more horizontally than the vertically right mainstem bronchus. The horizontal width of the heart normally occupies less than one half of the width of the overall thorax and the vertical line that descends from the aortic knob is created by the posterior descending aorta. The hilar vascular markings are composed of the vertically oriented pulmonary artery subdivisions while the more horizontally oriented vascular structures represent the pulmonary veins directed toward the left atrium. Small air-containing elipses within the hilae are smaller bronchi seen end on. Click the Nuclear ERNA (equilibrium radionuclide angiogram) to view the dynamic contraction of the ventricle filled with radioactive blood pool using the agent technetium-99m. The nuclear study allows calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction which is an index of ventricular function normally above 65%.

Cardiac findings, normal heart size

NOTES:

Normal heart size
The cardiac silhouette is the most prominent central feature of the chest x-ray and it produces a familiar gourd shape with the apex of the left ventricle located just behind the left chest nipple. The inferior left ventricle wall lies on the left diaphragm and the superior base of the heart shows the aortic knob lying just to the left of the spine. A linear line descending from it, lying to the left of the spine, represents the lateral edge of the descending aorta. A normal cardiac silhouette is defined by the lower cross diameter of the heart from its right atrial boundary to the left ventricle apex occupying no more than one half the internal thoracic diameter. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) at its junction with the left main pulmonary artery is concave. Note that the right hemidiaphragm is higher than the left because of the presence of the liver and not due to the weight of the heart since the same relationship occurs with dextrocardia.

Image finding: Forced expiration

NOTES:

Forced expiration film
Findings of apparent cardiomegaly and pulmonary vascular congestion must be viewed in the light of possibility of a poor inspiratory effort. This is determined by noting the level of the diaphragm relative to the posterior ribs. With the high diaphragms characteristic of a forced expiration, it is natural that pulmonary vascular markings will be more crowded and may give the appearance of congestion but the lungs will lack Kerley B lines or bronchial cuffing. The heart lies more horizontal and thus may appear enlarged. This situation commonly occurs in anteroposterior (AP) films common in Emergency Rooms.

This radiograph demonstrates the effect of a forced expiration on the density and vascular pattern of the lung fields. With much of the air forced from the lungs, the diaphragms are higher and vascular pattern much more crowded and thus appearing more dense than normal. The heart becomes more horizontal and therefore appears larger than normal. Without considering the effect of this expiratory effort it is possible to confuse this image with congestive failure and cardiomegaly. Click the button to view the same patient properly imaged in inspiration. The striking change in lung opacity and heart size could make one aware of the importance of careful radiographic technique.

Image finding: Enlarged heart

NOTES:

Enlarged heart size
When the horizontal diameter of the lower cardiac silhouette well exceeds one half of the internal diameter of the thorax, cardiomegaly is diagnosed. It is wise to assess the depth of the inspiration by noting whether the diaphragm lies lower than the ninth or tenth rib posteriorly as it should if there is an adequate inspiratory effort. Cardiomegaly may result from enlargement of the cardiac chambers but also from fluid accumulating in the pericardium. Further evaluation includes observation of the pulmonary vasculature and assessment of possible pulmonary vascular congestion which would be most consistent with cardiac failure. Assessment of left ventricular function and pericardial contents can be easily defined by echocardiography.


Image finding: Value of lateral views



The value of the lateral view
The PA (postero-anterior) radiograph at first appears to provide reassuring evidence that the tip of the pacemaker lies in the right ventricular apex. The slightly thickened metal tip of the pacemaker is seen just lateral to the border of the descending aorta near the diaphragm. The value of a lateral radiograph is best exemplified (click the "Lateral X-ray"button located on the right side of the main screen) when the course of the pacemaker wire is followed inferior and is found to lie well posterior to the expected position of the right ventricular cavity. The only course which this wire can occupy is if the tip of the catheter lies within the coronary sinus which is entered in the right atrium just proximal to the tricuspid valve and is the major draining coronary vein in the atrio-ventricular groove emptying into the lower right atrium. The pacer wire would have to be withdrawn and placed properly at the right ventricular apex.


Image finding: Pacemaker placement



COMMENTS

The position of the normal pacemaker takes a characteristic course when examined on both anterior and lateral views. On the anterior view the tip of the pacer should be visible just to the left of the spine but not all the way to the apex of the left ventricle at the cardiac border.

The lateral film should show the tip in the cardiac silhouette anteriorly rather than posteriorly in the lower part of the heart.

Image finding: Loss of cardiac border

NOTES:

Loss of cardiac border
Pneumonic infiltration of the lingula increases the density lung immediately adjacent to the left cardiac border. The presence of two areas of similar soft tissue density results in a loss of the conventional sharp boundary to the heart. The radiographic appearance of a sharp boundary at the left cardiac border would still be present if the lung density were located posterior to the heart, say in the left lower lobe. Loss of cardiac border on the left implicates the adjacent lung segment which is the lingula and loss of the border on the right would implicate the right middle lobe. Thus the finding allows for a certain degree of segment specificity in determining which area of the lung is involved.


Coronary stenosis

COMMENTS

This case exemplifies an acute occlusion of the right coronary artery - click the "Pre angiogram" button. After thrombolysis of the clot, the proximal obstruction was dilated by balloon angioplasty - click on "Post angiogram". Though flow was restored to the coronary, a discrete moderate stenosis is still present in mid-coronary. It was subsequently successfully dilated by balloon angioplasty.

Coronary clot




COMMENTS

Sequential right coronary artery (RCA) angiograms ("1", "2" and "3") showing diagnosis and treatment of a patient whose acute coronary syndrome was caused by a clot at the site of a high - grade stenosis in the proximal right coronary. Angio "1" shows the clot as a void in the contrast. Angio "2" shows balloon angioplasty of the stenosis. Angio "3" shows placement of an intra-coronary stent with complete restoration of lumen patency and flow.


Image finding: Normal chest PA film




Normal lungs
Findings to be observed in normal lungs include vascular markings composed primarily of the vertically oriented pulmonary artery segments and the horizontally directed pulmonary veins toward the left atrium. The gradual decrease in size of the vessels as they branch peripherally should be noted. Close to the hilar structures the smaller bronchials seen as thin walled darker circles. Edematous thickening of these bronchial walls are one of the earliest findings of congestive failure.

The normal hilum
Findings related to the hila include the observation of the general progressive branching pattern that can be expected from the pulmonary arteries, a concave right ventricular outflow tract segment, and absence of any elipsoidal densities that might represent hilar adenopathy. Other observations that can be made if the hila are enlarged include noting rapid tapering in cases of pulmonary hypertension or localized truncation of part of the pulmonary artery segment as can occur with some larger pulmonary emboli.

mage finding: Normal chest PA film, case 2


Erect posterior-anterior ("PA") chest radiograph
PA images commonly show significant differences from AP (antero-posterior) films particularly in relation to the proportional size of the mediastinum. The PA position places the heart and upper mediastinum closer to the film with greater distance to the exposing Xray tube (generally 72 inches) making the Xrays more parallel as they enter the body and avoiding disproportional enlargement of anterior vs. posterior structures.

The effects of gravity have visible effects on the pulmonary vasculature since the pulmonary artery pressures are low (~25 mm Hg. in systole and ~12 mm Hg. in diastole) and the vessel walls are soft and compliant. The upper lung arterial vessels in upright posture, being well above cardiac chamber level, are usually much less prominent than the lower lobe vessels which are at or below cardiac chamber level.

An indication of elevated pulmonary artery pressure during cardiac congestive failure is a visible shift of blood with a filling out of the upper lobe vessels on the upright frontal film which indicates a generalized increase in the central pulmonary artery pressure.

Image finding: Normal supine chest film



Anterior-posterior supine radiograph
On a supine frontal Xray of the chest there are significant differences in the appearance of normal pulmonary vasculature and mediastinum. The closer distance of the exposing Xray tube (often only 40 inches from the film cassette) makes the Xrays more diverging and disproportionally enlarges the appearance of structures that are farther from the film (the anterior body structures such as the ascending aorta).
Although the pulmonary artery pressures are low (~25 mm Hg. in systole and ~12 mm Hg. in diastole) and the vessel walls are soft and compliant, the upper lung arterial vessels and the lower lobe vessels are now at the same level as the cardiac chambers. Thus the supine film can be expected to show upper pulmonary artery vessels as equally prominent to those in the lower lung, a finding that differs significantly from upright posture but should not be confused with congestive failure.


Pulmonary angiogram, arterial

NOTES:

Arterial angiogram
Angiograms are created by injecting an iodine solution into the bloodstream. Iodine was chosen because it is a high atomic weight material which differentially attenuates x-rays but is nonetheless well tolerated by the body (it is mostly excreted in the urine). When a catheter is threaded into the pulmonary artery and an iodinated solution ejected from its tip, the pulmonary arteries are quickly first opacified showing a relatively vertically oriented branching pattern, originating at the hilum. Normal arteries progressively reduce in diameter after multiple branches.

Using a catheter inserted by an intravenous route through the right atrium and ventricle and then upward into the main pulmonary artery, 40 cc. of iodinated contrast fluid is injected to opacify the pulmonary arteries bilaterally. Note the vertical orientation of the major vessels and how they branch and gradually taper.

Pulmonary angiogram, venous

NOTES: Venous angiogram An angiogram is created by injecting an iodine solution into the bloodstream of the pulmonary artery through a catheter. The pulmonary arteries are first opacified, then as the iodine solution collects in the pulmonary venous structures (now, of course containing oxygenated blood having passed through the lung alveoli), the anatomy of these veins is revealed. The pulmonary veins lie somewhat more horizontal than the arteries and coalesce centrally toward the left atrium. Using a catheter inserted by an intravenous route through the right atrium and ventricle and then upward into the main pulmonary artery, 40 cc. of iodinated contrast fluid is injected. The opacification first fills the pulmonary arteries bilaterally but over the next few seconds washes into and opacifies the pulmonary venous tree. Note that compared to the vertical orientation of the arteries, the venous drainage is more horizontal gathering toward the left atrium. Yale Center for Advanced Instructional Media Table of Contents Search this site: Medical Editor C. Carl Jaffe, MD, FACC Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Site producer Patrick J. Lynch, MS Design Director Web Design and Development Information Technology Services - Medicine Production credits Contributors John A. Paton, PhD Principal Investigator, IAIMS Director of Academic Computing Information Technology Services - Medicine Michael Ezekowitz, MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Frans J, Th. Wackers, MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Development of this site was partially funded by an IAIMS Grant (LM05583) from the National Library of Medicine. Anatomy Thoracic landmarks Lateral landmarks Thoracic anatomy Thoracic cross-section Cardiac anatomy 1 Cardiac anatomy 2 Exterior & ventricles Valves & coronaries Heart in radiographs Membranous septum Myocardium ANT cardiac view LAO cardiac view LLAT cardiac view Short axis view Short axis specimens ANT specimen section LAO specimen section LAT specimen section Coronary radiograph ANT coronary view LAO coronary view LLAT coronary view RAO coronary view Coronary territories Trachea and bronchi Bronchioles & alveoli Breast anatomy Imaging technology Ionizing vs non-ionizing Tomography vs projection Ionizing radiation Electromagenetic Tomography Radiography Radiographic density Radiographic gray scales Coronary angiography Computed tomography Scintigraphy Planar imaging Planar anatomy SPECT imaging SPECT anatomy Gated SPECT imaging ERNA Echocardiography Echo view planes Transesophageal TEE echo view planes Magnetic resonance Atlas of Echocardiography Table of contents Echo views LP long axis Apical 2-chamber Short axis LV Short axis Ao Four chamber Subcostal Disease entities Aortic stenosis-senile Aortic stenosis-bicuspid Aortic regurgitation Mitral stenosis Mitral prolapse Mitral regurgitation Valvular Infection Prosthetic Valves Cardiomyopathy Ischemia-anterior Ischemia-inferior Ischemia-aneurysm Post Infarct VSD IHSS Pericardial effusion Masses Image Findings Cardiac findings Normal heart Size Forced expiration Enlarged heart Value of the lateral view Normal pacemaker Loss of cardiac border Coronary stenosis Coronary clot Lung imaging Normal erect PA film, 1 Normal erect PA film, 2 Normal supine PA film Pulmonary angio, arterial Pulmonary angio, venous Nodules Nodules, malignant Lung tumor, RML Westermark sign Hypodense lungs Hilar adenopathy, 1 Hilar adenopathy, 2 Edema Consolidation Kerley lines Air bronchogram, 1 Air bronchogram, 2 Cavitation Pleural effusion Pneumothorax Atelectasis, RUL Atelectasis, RML Atelectasis, LUL Atelectasis, LLL Emphysema Interstitial disease Bones Absent clavicle Rib fracture Soft tissues Female Male Mediastinum Aortic arch Hilum Hilar mass Mediastinal mass Dilated esophagus Mammography Normal mammogram Benign breast tumor Surgical scar Microcalcifications Malignant breast tumor Case Index Aneurysm, aortic Aneurysm, left ventricle Aortic regurgitation Atelectasis, LUL Atelectasis, LUL2 Atelectasis, RML Atelectasis, bronch Carcinoma, comedocarcinoma Carcinoma, ductal carcinoma Carcinoma, hilar mass Carcinoma, metastasis from abdomen Carcinoma, metastasis from cervix Carcinoma, multiple nodules Carcinoma, right lung mass Cardiomyopathy Congestive failure Dilated esophagus Emphysema Emphysema, bilateral Fibroadenoma Hilar adenopathy Hypertension, chronic Hypertension, pulmonary Lymphoma Normal, female 1 Normal, female 2 Normal, male 1 Normal, male 1 Normal mammogram Mitral stenosis Myocardial ischemia Pericardial effusion, case 1 Pericardial effusion, case 2 Pleural effusion, subpulmonic Pneumonia, bilateral Pneumonia, lingular Pneumonia, RLL Pneumonia, RML Pneumothorax, tension Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolus, case 1 Pulmonary embolus, case 2 Pulmonary embolus, case 3 Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis, and cavity Tuberculosis, hilar adenopathy Tuberculosis, miliary Tuberculosis, and pneumonia Copyright 2004, Yale University School of Medicine. All rights reserved. December 18, 2004 (PL) version b.003 Yale Center for Advanced Instructional Media Medical Editor C. Carl Jaffe, MD, FACC Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Site producer Patrick J. Lynch, MS Design Director Web Design and Development Information Technology Services - Medicine Production credits Contributors John A. Paton, PhD Principal Investigator, IAIMS Director of Academic Computing Information Technology Services - Medicine Michael Ezekowitz, MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Frans J, Th. Wackers, MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Development of this site was partially funded by an IAIMS Grant (LM05583) from the National Library of Medicine. Case Index Aneurysm, aortic Aneurysm, left ventricle Aortic regurgitation Atelectasis, LUL Atelectasis, LUL2 Atelectasis, RML Atelectasis, bronch Carcinoma, comedocarcinoma Carcinoma, ductal carcinoma Carcinoma, hilar mass Carcinoma, metastasis from abdomen Carcinoma, metastasis from cervix Carcinoma, multiple nodules Carcinoma, right lung mass Cardiomyopathy Congestive failure Dilated esophagus Emphysema Emphysema, bilateral Fibroadenoma Hilar adenopathy Hypertension, chronic Hypertension, pulmonary Lymphoma Normal, female 1 Normal, female 2 Normal, male 1 Normal, male 1 Normal mammogram Mitral stenosis Myocardial ischemia Pericardial effusion, case 1 Pericardial effusion, case 2 Pleural effusion, subpulmonic Pneumonia, bilateral Pneumonia, lingular Pneumonia, RLL Pneumonia, RML Pneumothorax, tension Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolus, case 1 Pulmonary embolus, case 2 Pulmonary embolus, case 3 Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis, and cavity Tuberculosis, hilar adenopathy Tuberculosis, miliary Tuberculosis, and pneumonia Copyright 2004, Yale University School of Medicine. All rights reserved. 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Interesting Cases in Neuroradiology - Univ of California/SF (US) Case of the Month [incl an archive] - Congress of Neurological Surgeons Cases in Neuroradiology - (Univ of) Iowa Neuroradiology Library (US) A list of Neuroradiology Teaching File Cases - University of Colorado (US) A collection of Interactive Case in Neurology - Univ of Utah (US) Case discussions from the Neuro Rounds at Medi-Fax (CA) A Case-of-the-Month collection at Baylor College of Medicine/Neurology (US) Pathway Quizzes in Neuroanatomy - Knowledge Weavers, Utah (US) Cases in Neurology/Neurosurgery from Johns Hopkins, via Medscape [free registration required] A Clinical Case Study Guide for CNS [D Oliver] - Univ of Connecticut HC (US) Clinical Cases in Neuroscience - Indiana University (US) Orthopedics Medical Gross Anatomy: List of Practical and Written Quizzes by Session - Univ of Michigan (US) The Case archive at American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Discussions of Interesting Spine Cases - Spine-Surgery Upper and Lower Extremity Cases [G Schmale] from the School of Medicine, Univ of Washington (US) Interesting MRI Cases (shoulder, knee) [J Hunter] - Univ of Washington/Dept of Radiology Physical Examination of the Shoulder [M Stein] - McGill Univ. (CA) Clinical Cases in Gait Analysis [C Kirtley] - (AT) Clinical Case Presentations from Alfred I duPont Institute Case examples in Orthopedic Surgery - International Center for Limb Lengthening, Sinai Hosp. (US) Interesting orthopedic ultrasound and teaching file cases - Hospital for Special Surgery, N.Y. (US) Cases in Rheumatology - American College of Rheumatology A collection of Illustrated Case Studies in Rheumatology - MedNet HELLAS (GR) Some Patient Cases from Orthospine Clinical Case descriptions [M Saleh] - (UK) Orthopaedic Pathology Cases [presentations + discussions] - Univ of Florida (US) A collection of Teaching Cases in Nuclear Medicine - Harvard Med School/JPNM, including Bone Scintigraphy Cases [Parker and Holman] and some interesting images/cases Pediatrics PediatricEducation.org [D and M D'Alessandro] - Univ of Iowa (US) Radiology Cases in Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Neonatology [Yamamoto et al.] - Univ of Hawaii (US) Case based Pediatrics for Medical Students and Residents - Univ of Hawaii, JA Burns School of Medicine Case-of-the-Month collection at PedsEducation.org Case studies in Pediatrics - MDchoice.com Case studies for download - Bright Futures Center Case studies from the Interactive Pathology Laboratory, IPLAB Pediatric Grand Rounds at the Medical Center, Univ of Nebraska (US) Some teaching files with Cases in Paeditric Radiology - CUHK (HK) Grand Rounds Online - Dept of Pediatrics, Univ of Florida (US) Cases in Pediatric Pathology - Swiss Pediatric Pathology Group (CH) The Virtual Pediatric Patients [D'Allesandro and Takle] and some case presentations in Pediatric Thoracic Medicine - Virtual Pediatric Hospital A collection of Case studies in Pediatrics - MedNet, HELLAS (GR) Genetics Case Studies - Telegenetics A collection of Case studies in Cytogenetics - Univ of Wisconsin (US) A Pediatric Picture Atlas for Parents - Rainbow Pediatrics GENERAL Medical Simulations - Interactive Case Studies - InterMed Press A sorted collection of Cases, with images , - from MDChoice.com Clinical Cases and Images [Dimov ?] An interdisciplinary collection of Clinical Cases - The Virtual Health Care Team/Univ of Missouri (US) Articles Menu of Grand Rounds [journal, free access] - e-MED Ltd. (UK) The LANGE Case files - AccessMedicine/McGraw-Hill Some Medicine Related Case Studies - State Univ N.Y., Buffalo (US) Case Studies from IPLAB.net Online Case Studies and Clinical Quizzes from the American Acad of Family Physicians Medical Grand Rounds - PPT presentations from the Gardiner Library, John Hunter Hospital, NSW (AU) Clinical Grand Rounds from the NIH Clinical Center (US) Imaging Cases of the Week - Doctor T Some Sample Cases from World CME An example of a Case report in Family Medicine - KECK School of Medicine of USC (US) Cases in Environmental Medicine - Univ of Utah (US) Cases in Environmental Medicine - ATSDR/CDC (US) Cases in Family Medicine [Undergraduate Medical Educ.] - Penn State Univ. (US) Case Studies in Medicine [links] - Case Studies in Science, State Univ of N.Y. Buffalo (US) A collection of Case Studies - by Subject [compiled by Fung and Sawh] A set of Medicine Case Discussions from LUMEN, Loyola Univ. (US) Medicine Grand Rounds - Univ of Arizona HSC (US) Make Your Diagnosis , and Casos Clinicos [partly in Portuguese, partly in English] - MedStudents (BR) Various Clinical Cases (use Clinical Cases pull-down menu at top of page) [Lima and Coico] - Sophie Davis School/City Univ of New York (US) Cases from eMedicine Clinical Decision Cases [interactive CME] - The Cleveland Clinic (US) Interactive Case Studies - MedCases Inc. MedicalRounds.com [multimedia medical education] Grand Rounds - Dept of Medicine, Emory Univ. (US) Medical Grand Rounds Webcasts , archived events - Univ of Miami, Dept of Medicine (US) A Collection of Illustrated Case studies from MedNet, HELLAS (GR) Some E-learning modules [free, but only for professionals] from Medcyclopaedia, GE Medical Systems Grand Rounds Archive blogs - undisclosed Case studies AJ Chandrasekhar] - Loyola Univ Medical Center (US) Virtual Grand Rounds/Lectures [multimedia] - Drexel Univ., College of Medicine (US) A collection of Clinical Center Grand Rounds [multimedia] - NIH Video Casting (US) Case Histories in Human Physiology [Van Wynsberghe and Cooley] - Univ of Wisconsin (US) Medicine Grand Rounds/Lectures [multimedia] - Univ of Arizona (US) Case Health: Health Success Stories Dentistry and Oral Health Cases i Oral Pathology - UCSF (US) Clinical Cases [in Spanish and/or English; C Boveda, and others] Clinical Cases in Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology - Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (US) A Case of the Month collection - Univ of Washington/School of Dentistry (US) Case Studies in Dental Hygiene - USC (US) Real-Life Cases in Dental Hygiene [AM Nieves] Clinical Cases [KA Galil] - School of Dentistry, Univ of W Ontario (CA) Clinical Cases in Orthodontics [CB Pereira] - (BR) Eye, ENT (Ear-Nose-Throat) and Respiratory System Clinical Cases in Ophthalmology , and a collection of Knowledge Reviews - DJO/Harvard (US) Digital Grand Rounds - SECO Int'l and CIBA Vision Neuro-Optometric Clinical Cases - NORA/Padula Clinical Center RED (recognizing eye diseases) Atlas Video Case Reports - BJO/BMJ (UK) Refractive Surgery Grand Rounds - Refractive Source Ophthalmology Case index - EYERounds.org Case of the Week collection at The New England Eye Center (US) Case index at EyeRounds, Univ of Iowa (US) Case reports from Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (US) A Collection of Cases from the Pediatric and Adult Strabismus Resource, McGill Univ. (CA) Case-of-the-Month - Univ of Wisconsin-Madison/Dept Ophthalmology and Vision Sci (US) Virtual Eye Clinic [A Field] - American Acad of Optometry/British Chapter Cases in Clinical Grand Rounds - EyeUpdate.com Some Case Reviews from Digital Reference of Ophthalmology/ES Harkness Eye Institute Retina Case-of-the-Month - Vitreous-Retina-Macula Consultants, N.Y. (US) Young woman with a red irritated eye and A 54 year-old man needs reading glasses - School of Optometry, Indiana Univ. (US) Case histories in Voice Medicine [JP Thomas] Grand Rounds at Univ of Texas/Dept of Otolaryngology (US) Grand Rounds Archive at the Bobby R Alford Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Science/Baylor College (US) Grand Rounds Archive: Pediatric Otolaryngology - Bobby R Alford Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Otolaryngology OnLine - AAO/Head and Neck Surgery (US) Some interactive Otitis Media case studies developed by the Univ. of Colorado - American Acad of Pediatrics A set of Pulmonary Cases - LUMEN, Loyola Univ. (US) Case studies in Chest Disease Pathology - Univ of California/SF (US) Case studies in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine - Univ of N Carolina at Chapel Hill (US) Pediatric Upper Airway Case Studies [Santer and d'Alessandro] - Virtual Hosp., Iowa (US) Some Case Studies in Pulmonary, Renal, and Acid-Base Disorders - Tulane Univ. (US) Case List of Chest Diseases - Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology (KR) Some Thoracic Radiology Teaching Files [D Dyer] - UCHSC (US) Gynecology & Obstetrics A collection of Case-based Modules from Women's Health/Univ of Washington (US) A collection of Colposcopy Case Studies - ASCCP (US) Some Case presentations, with questions - Univ of Utah/Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (US) Immunology Case studies from the book Essentials of Clinical Immunology [Chapel et al.] Case studies in SLE - Lupus Foundation of America Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Archived Grand Rounds from Johns Hopkins/Infectious Diseases (US) Case Studies in Fungal Infections - Fungal Infections Virtual Grand Rounds Some Clinical (quiz) presentations and a collection of Microbiology Cases [Duckworth et al.] from Univ. of Florida/Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (US) Four Clinical Case presentations & discussions [J Heritage] - Univ of Leeds/Microbiology (UK) Monthly Case Studies in Parasitology - CDC/DPDx (US) Quiz-of -the-month collection 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , and 2004 - PARA-SITE Online A set of Infectious disease cases, with images - US Armed Forces IDS Clinical Cases in Microbiology, Mycology, Virology, ... [Lima and Coico] - Sophie Davis School/City Univ of N.Y. (US) What's Your Diagnosis? [free registration required] - Infectious Diseases in Children Oncology A collection of Cancer Training Modules (including case studies) - SEER (US) Some Case Studies in Mammography Analysis - McGill Univ. (CA) Links to Breast Imaging Case Studies - via Imaginis Bone Tumors: Case studies - Univ of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey (US) Case Studies from the Interactive Pathology Laboratory, IPLAB Testicular and Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor Case Studies [links] - Testicular Cancer Resource Center Pathology & Histopathology An Online Case Database , a case-of-the-month collection in Anatomic Pathology and in Clinical Pathology - Univ of Pittsburgh/Dept. of Pathology (US) Clinical Pathology Cases presented at the Clinico-Pathological Conference/Johns Hopkins Univ. (US) Clinical Pathology Cases at Loyola Univ/Dept Pathol (US) Pathology Case Studies - Univ of Virginia (US) Case studies - IPLAB.net Pathology Case-of-the-Month collection - Univ of Oklahoma (US) Case Studies in Pathology [MW Braun] - Indiana University/School of Medicine (US) What went wrong? - CAP (US) Cases/Images in Histopathology - SUNY Downstate Med C./Pathology (US) Some clickable Demo case modules from Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease A Pathology Case of the Month from West Virginia Univ./Pathology A collection of Pathology Cases-of-the-Week - WebPath, Florida State Univ. (US) Pathology Case Studies [requires Internet Explorer] - Upstate Medical Univ./Pathol, N.Y. (US) Case in Surgical Pathology (using diagnostic electron microscopy) - Society for Ultrastructural Pathology Forum Cases in Surgical Pathology and Cytology - TelePathology Consultants (US) Twenty histological samples for examination - Gateway Community College (US) Cases in Paleopathology - Virginia Commonwealth Univ. (US) Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, Imaging & Ultrasonography Cases by Anatomical Area and by Title from Brigham Radiology/Harvard (US) Clinical Radiology Tutorial Image Sets [Chew and Roberts] - Wake Forest Univ. Radiology Teaching Files [links ; M D'Alessandro] - Univ of Iowa (US) Radiology Rounds , a newsletter from the Massachusetts Gen Hosp/Radiology (US) Body Image Teaching Files/Cases - Univ Hospitals Cleveland/Dept Radiology CT Teaching Files/Cases [EK Fishman] - CTis us Clinical Cases in Radiology - CERF, via Univ. de Rennes (FR) Cases - by diagnosis - Scottish Radiological Society (UK) Case in Point Archive - American College of Radiology A Cases of the week archive from RIA/INVISION (US) Unknown Cases, with Answers , and some Cases for Medical Students - Radiology Museum, S Bank Univ. (UK) Radiology Cases - MyPACS.net Cases of the Day, 2001 , and 2005 from the American Roentgen Ray Society Most interesting cases at The Pediatric Radiology Platform (DE) Clinical Cases from the Boca Radiology Group, FL (US) Neuroradiology Teaching Files: by diagnosis - Univ of Cincinnati (US) A Case-of-the-Month Collection from the Hong Kong College of Radiology (HK) Some Interesting Cases in Radiology - Wayne State University (US) A collection of Case photos from Creighton Univ./Radiology (US) Case studies at Imaging for Idiots (UK) Radiology Teaching File Cases from the Univ of Washington (US) Musculoskeletal Radiology Cases [collected by D Thronton] Some Skeletal Radiology Tutorial/Cases (no answers!) [Davenport et al.] - Indiana Univ Med C. (US) Musculoskeletal (radiographic) Cases - Univ of Miami (US) An Interesting Case Archive at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Radiology cases [AC Downie] from The Scottish Radiological Society PET Case of the Month - Franklin Square Hospital Center Women's Diagnostic Imaging Teaching Files - UHRAD.com Breast Ultrasound Teaching Files (unknown cases + diagnoses) - Univ of Colorado HSC (US) Radiology cases - USUHS/MedPix (US) Radiology Grand Rounds [video clips] - SUNY Downstate Medical Center (US) Clinical Case CT Studies and Digital X-ray Studies - GE Healthcare Best Cases from AFIP - Radiology Society of North America Radiology (CME) Cases [subscription access] - RadiologyGraphics, RSNA (US) Cases in Neuroradiology - (Univ of) Iowa Neuroradiology Library (US) Some MRI Cases from Medicine Australia Interesting MRI Cases (shoulder, knee) [J Hunter] - Univ of Washington/Dept of Radiology Case-of-the-Month Cases in Radiology, and Study Cases in Chest Radiology [Hayashi et al.] - Nagasaki Univ. Hospital (JP) A set of Links to Radiology Case Collections - Martindale's Health Science Guide Joint Program in Nuclear Medicine cases - Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ. Nuclear Medicine Mediabook - UCLA/Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (US) Nuclear Medicine Cases by Study Type and Diagnosis - Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ. Surgery/Anesthesiology Some Case presentations and moulages (practice scenarios) at Trauma.Org Discussions around some Cases in Spinal Surgery - GICD Cases in Neurology/Neurosurgery from Johns Hopkins, via Medscape [free registration required] Clinical Cases from the CardioThoracic Surgery Network Case of the Month [incl an archive] - Congress of Neurological Surgeons Consult Corner at TPIS, Transplant Pathology Internet Services Clinical Tutorials - Surgical-Tutor (UK) Some Case Studies in Wound Healing - Wound Care Information Network Clinical Cases in Wound Healing (using Proxiderm) from Progressive Surgical Products, N.Y. (US) Urogenital Case presentations in Nephrology - cyber nephrology Links to Teaching Cases in Urology - Loyola Univ. Health System/Dept of Urology (US) An Online Case Series from US Nat'l Network of STD.HIV Training Centers, and CDC Testicular and Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor Case Studies [links] - Testicular Cancer Resource Center copyright KIB Karolinska Institutet University Library, Stockholm, Sweden Start Page Related More Library Services Order and request books and articles Search help - medical information Courses at the University Library Citing and presenting research Published by Karolinska Institutet Contact and visit the University Library About the University Library © Karolinska Institutet Content editor: Universitetsbiblioteket Created by: Tor Ahlenius 04 Apr 2008